The  Practice  of 
Optometry  and  the 
Training  it  Requires 


For  Disabled  Soldiers 

Sailors,  and  Marines  to  Aid  Them 

in  Choosing  a  Vocation 


APRIL,  1919 


OPPORTUNITY 
MONOGRAPH 

□ 

Vocational  Rehabilitation 


Series  No.  34 


Prepared  by  the  Fed- 
eral Board  for  Voca- 
tional Education  and 
issued  in  cooperation 
with  the  Office  of  the 
Surgeon  General, 
War  Department,  and 
Bureau  of  Medicine 
and  Surgery,  Navy 
Department 


WASHINGTON  :  GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE  :  lilt 


Note  to  the  Disabled  Soldier,  Sailor,  or  Marine. 

As  a  disabled  soldier,  sailor,  or  marine  you  should  remember  that 
the  Office  of  The  Surgeon  General,  War  Department,  and  all  its 
employees,  the  Bureau  of  Medicine  and  Surgery,  Navy  Department, 
and  all  its  employees,  and  the  Federal  Board  for  Vocational  Education 
and  all  its  employees  are  mutually  interested  in  your  welfare  solely. 
They  have  arranged  a  definite  plan  of  eooperation  to  help  you  in  even- 
possible  way.  You  can  not  afford  to  leave  the  hospital  until  the  medi- 
cal oflieers  have  done  everything  that  they  can  for  you  to  restore  you 
to  phvsical  health  and  strength.  Any  other  course  will  interfere  with 
your  vocational  success  later.  Furthermore,  you  should  by  all  moans 
take  advantage  of  the  educational  opportunities  which  the  hospital 
has  provided  for  you. 

While  you  are  making  up  your  mind  what  line  of  work  you  want  to 
follow  you  should  take  advantage  of  the  opportunities  to  try  yourself 
out  in  the  different  lines  of  activities  which  are  provided  at  the  hospital. 
When  oiu-e  you  have  made  up  your  mind  as  to  the  employment  you 
want  to  enter  or  the  kind  of  training  you  want  the  Federal  Board  to 
give  you  after  you  leave  the  hospital,  you  should  ask  the  vocational 
officers  at  the  hospital  to  provide  for  you  the  kind  of  training  which 
will  advance  you  in  the  direction  of  the  occupation  which  you  expect 
to  follow  or  for  which  you  expect  to  be  trained  after  you  leave  the 
hospital .  You  will  find  the  educational  officers  at  the  hospital  eager 
to  render  this  service  for  you.  and  you  should  consult  them  early  in 
your  hospital  career. 

All  disabled  soldiers,  sailors,  and  marines  in  hospitals  who  want 
information  about  reeducation  should  ask  any  instructor  of  the  Hospital 
Educational  Service  or  the  representative  of  the  Federal  Board  for 
Vocational  Education. 

Men  discharged  from  the  military  or  naval  service  who  want  infor- 
mation should  write  to  or  call  at  the  office  of  the  federal  Board  for 
Vocational  Education,  Washington,  D.  C,  or  the  District  Office  of  the 
Federal  Board  of  the  district  in  which  they  are  located.  The  district 
offices  of  the  Board  are  located  at  the  following  points:  Boston,  New 
York  City.  Philadelphia,  Washington,  Atlanta,  New  Orleans,  Dallas, 
St.  Louis,  Cincinnati,  Chicago.  Minneapolis,  Denver,  San  Francisco, 
-tii.  1  Seattle.      For  addresses  see  p.  7. 

Acknowledgment. 

The  material  of  Ibis  monograph  was  compiled  by  B".  Keid  Warren, 
editor  of  The  Keystone  Magazine  of  Optometry,  assisted  by  several 
successful  practicing  optometrists,  to  whom  acknowledgment  i-  gratfe- 
fully  accorded.  The  monograph  lias  been  prepared  under  the  direc- 
tion of  charle-  II.  Winslow,  chief  of  the  Research  Division  of  the 
Federal  Board  for  Vocational  Education.  Acknowledgment  is  due 
Dr.  John  Cummings.  of  tie-  R sjch  I>ivision,  for  editorial  a.-si-tance. 

(2) 


^300^^3 


THE  PRACTICE  OF  OPTOMETRY  AND  THE  TRAIN-  BStfSi 

ING   IT  REQUIRES.  No  other  friend  ol 

relative  ever  mada 

such  liberal  pro- 

visonf  or  disabled 

It  is  an  indisputable  fact  that  the  efficiency  of  the  American  troops  from   a    war   as 
during  the  late  war  was  greater  than  that  of  any  other  army.     One  Jas  madeCfor  you! 
factor  which  contributed  largely  to  their  success  is  apt  to  be  overlooked 
by  the  casual  observer,    but  excited   comment  wherever  our  troops  excellent  medical 
were  thickest  in  the  fray:  Our  men  were  properly  glassed.  £P*    serviced/or 

You,  for  whom  this  monograph  is  written,  well  know  how  thoroughly  men  iQ  tne  nos" 
and  systematically  your  eyes  were  examined.  Perhaps  you  do  not  thorized  the  Fed- 
know  that  the  actual  testing  of  your  eyes  and  the  adoption  of  proper  vocational  Edu- 

glasses  whenever  necessary  to  bring  vision  up  to  normal  was  done  in  a  cation  to  see  to  it 

,  .  ,  ,    *    ^.  .  r  that  you  shall,  if 

number  of  camps  by  optometrists.  you  are  entitled 

What  an  important  part  glasses  played  in  the  success  of  our  Army  thethwar^risktSin- 

and  Navy  is  a  chapter  yet  to  be  written.  surance  act,  have 

,  .    .  .  .  opportunity. 

Now  that  the  conflict  is  over  it  is  fitting  to  call  attention  to  the  oppor-  if  you  want  it  and 

tunity  of  entering  a  profession  which  has  contributed  so  much  to  the  f?a  i  n  e  d  a  n  d 
winning  of  the  war.  And  as  optometry  is  a  comparatively  strange  pla(?jd  iTlanI  °d.e 
word  to  those  not  personally  concerned  with  the  profession,  an  explana-  o  f  occupations 
tion  of  its  meaning  had  best  preface  this  monograph.  lYfe  c  0f   America 

__  _  .     ■  offers. 

What  is  an  Optometrist? 

It  is  the  duty  of 
An  optometrist  examines  eyes  for  the  detection  and  correction  of  the  Federal  Board 

visual  or  muscular  defects  not  requiring  medical  attention.     He  uses  traimng^for  you 

no  drugs;   he  does  not  treat  diseases  of  the  eye,  nor  does  he  practice  *nh  ^n^'factorv' 

surgery.     To  one  not  familiar  with  optical  sciences  it  may  be  difficult  farm,oranywhere 

filsG    it    becomes 
to  comprehend,   then,  what  the  work  of  the  optometrist  includes,  necessary  in  order 

Comparison  of  his  work  with  two  better  known  and  somewhat  related  «°ver  1Pthe0ttop" 

vocations — that  of  the  oculist  and  that  of  the  optician— will  perhaps  successfully  into 

be  the  quickest  method  of  explaining  the  practice  of  optometry. 

First,  let  it  be  understood  that  the  human  eye  may  be  considered  ^ceive^this1 7in^ 
as  a  refracting  and  focusing  mechanism,  similar  to  a  camera,  as  well  struction  free,  but 
as  an  organ  subject  to  diseases  like  any  other  part  of  our  body.  pen  tents  will  be 

An  oculist  (a  physician  who  specializes  on  the  eye)  deals  both  with  ed^y^the^o^- 
refraction  and  muscular  deficiencies,  and  with  pathological  or  diseased  ernment    wh  i  l  e 

..,.  r  a  you  jyrg  m  (;raul. 

conditions.  fog. 

An  optometrist,  on  the  other  hand,  specializes  on  the  functions  of 
the  eye  as  a  refracting  and  focusing  apparatus. 

An  optician  grinds  the  lenses  and  puts  together  the  necessary  fittings 
to  form  the  eyeglasses  prescribed  by  the  oculist  or  the  optometrist. 

Type  of  Man  Required. 

The  serious  nature  of  the  optometrist's  work — the  care  of  human 
vision — makes  it  imperative  that  only  men  of  good  moral  character 
and  high  ideals  be  admitted  to  the  practice  of  optometry.  An  optome- 
trist should  be  more  interested  in  helping  his  patient  than  in  making 

113094°— 14  (3) 


JLreStnele  money:   ho  should  be  tactful,  and  not  only  professionally  competent, 

but  of  the  type  of  personality  that  inspires. confidence.  He  should 
man^Tthout^  realize  that  the  completion  of  his  course  of  technical  instruction  and 
man  Squired  bv  !n<*  rece*P*  oi  a  license  to  practice  merely  made  matriculation  in  a  post- 
his  course  of  iii-  graduate  course  Btretching  out  to  the  end  of. his  days  of  practice.  He 
apart  l°frorn  his  -"hould  not  enter  the  profession  of  optometry  unless  willing  to  continue 
d^ff 'be^naLd yiov  *n®  S^'K^'  °^  nover-ending  developments  in  this  science  and  practice. 
ateie2r  tf^per  length  of  Preparatory  Training. 

be°paici  more.  If,  -^s  the  optometrist  takes  up  little  in  medical  studies,  his  teohmcal 
receive^Ple'moro  t,a'"ing  requires  a  briefer  time  than  that  of  the  physician  or  oculist. 
than  $65  per  The  optometiist,  of  course,  must  he  able  to  recognize  the  symptoms 
your  last  ^nionth  of  eye  diseases,  but  does  not  attempt  to  remedy  them:    he  refers  such 

SLact!Tn  *££&  C*8ee  to  a  physician, 
yon   will  receive  1 

this    same     pay      In  view  of  the  lesser  scope  of  the  work  of  the  optometrist  his  course 

tire1"  course     of°f  technical  training  covers  only  two  to  four  years,  as  against  four  to 

lE*"^!'    h  ESEseven  vears  for  medical  education, 
thormore,  11  your 

disability  is  such  The  practice  of  optometry  is  regulated  by  law  in  11  States,  and  in 
ly3  compensation  Hawaii.  Philippine  Islands,  Porto  Rico  and  Alaska.  These  Lam 
th^war^rbk  3in- U;;ua'^  require  a  general  education  equivalent,  to  two  years  of  high 
surance  act  is  school  instruction  and  (before  admission  to  examination  for  a  license  i 
jtn  will  continue  completion  of  a  course  in  a  school  of  optometry  having  an  approved 
sum  "^whatever  tw°-^"oar  course,  in  addition  to  one  year  of  practical  service  in  an 
it  may  be,  dur-  optometrist's  office. 

course.  "      The  laws  of  the  different  States  \ai y  considerably  as  to  these  require- 

ments, and  the  prospective  optometrist  should  inform  himself  as  to  the 
provisions  of  the  law  in  the  State  in  which  he  expects  to  practice. 
A  few  optometry  laws  have  reciprocity  clauses,  making  it  permissible 
for  licensees  of  one  State  to  practice  in  another, 
if  You  Are  Most  of  the  schools  have  two-year  course*    somo   longer.     One  of 

Married.  jno  universities-  Ohio  State -has  an  optometry  course  laid  out  over 

It  you  are  mnr-  a  period  of  four  years.  The  course  at  Columbia  University  is  planned 
rled,vou  and  your  .  it-  -t  •        •  ■  • 

wife  together  will  to  cover  two  years.     In  a  number  of  instances  it  has  been  covered  in 

m°nth  from  the  ono  ^car  **>"  students  who  were  exceptionally  well   prepared.     Hub 

Government,  pro-  studies  in  optical  subjects  can  be  counted  toward  a  B.  S.  decree,  for 

Kether^vvhile^-ou  which  four  years  are  required,  as  i-  usual.     Besides  these  universities. 

are  taking  a  course  a  ,mnihor  ()f  schools  of  optometry  in  various  parts  of  the  country  have 

your     course     is  two  to  three  year  courses.      A  list  of  such  schools  and  tin  ir  addresses 

must  live  apart'  may  be  obtained  from  the  l-'edoral  Hoard  for  Vocational  Kducation. 

the    Government 

wilL  as   has  al-  The  Optometrist's  Work. 

ready  boen  stated,  . 

pay  you  $66  per     The  word   "optometry'   is  made  up  of  two  Greek   words:  optoa, 

wife'    $30    iptr  visible  and  metron,  a  measure,  meaning  the  measurement  of  the  visual 

month.  The larperpOWCre      Examination   for  detectiou  of  visual   deficiencies  includes 

your   familv   the  *^ 

larger  the  amount  tests  by  the;  use  of  charts  and  of  certain  precise  measuring  instruments. 

eminent  for  "its  For  example:  One  instrument  permits  inspection  of  the  interior  of 
liT)>0w'ith vouortn''  <,),,;  unol'u'r>  measurement  of  the  curvature  of  the  cornea;  still 
separately  fromanothcr,  the  field  of  vision.  With  the  data  obtained  by  the  intelligent 
being trafned.1  ar° i»e  of  all  these  instruments  the  optometrist  can  determine  the  nature 
of  the  lenses  required  to  correct  any  refractive  errors  found. 

Kormerly  glasses  were  given  merely  as  an  aid  to  vision,  now  they  are 
utflt'rlbed  for  the  relief  of  strain  and  its  resultant  symptoms,  such  as 
headache*,  etc  They  are  also  supplied  for  efficiency  and  protection 
purposes  to  factory  employees,  for  some  workmen  without  glasses  will 


exhibit  as  much  eye  fatigue  in  5  hours  as  others  will  in  10;  and  em- Train  what  yoa 
plovers  are  now  recognizing  this  to  their  own  advantage, 

Thus  the  field  of  usefulness  and   profit  for  optometrists  is  everm?^Wwha'tttyou 

enlarging.  have    left    over 

ft     6  there.   Whatjou 

Indoor  Work— Physical  Requirements.  bHnghiThome 

An  optometrist  confines  his  practice  to  office  work,  there  being  no muc/all^^ou 
traveling  or  outdoor  activity.  Tf  desired,  his  office  may  be  estab- that  counts.  You 
lished  in  his  own  home.  As  the  work  is  all  indoors,  there  is  no  great  it  to  others  by 
physical  strain.  While  sound  health  and  normal  strength  are  always  jng'^fhich  Unde 
desirable,  robustness  is  not  a  first  requirement  of  this  vocation:  nor  Sam  stands  ready 
f     11    .1  i  ■•  i       *  .       ,        ,     J      to  give  you  en- 

is  possession  of  all  the   members   essential.     A  man  who  lias  lost  atirely  at  his  ex- 
hand,  an  arm,  a  leg,  or  even  both  legs  could  successfully  practice  the m^%r  your*ln- 

profession  of  optometry,  if  properly  fitted  with  artificial  equipment. structwo,     and 
1     .  .  "  .  ,  ,.  support  you  and 

It  is  also  quite  possible  for  a  man  with  one  eye  to  practice  optometry,  your  dependents 

To  a  determined  man  this  would  not  prove  an  insurmountable  obsta-  training?"  ^Daa't 

cle,  though  he  might  be    at  a  disadvantage   because  some  patients  think  about  what 

,,  .  ,  m.,  .    .        ,  you  left  ovorthore. 

might  think  he  could  not  do  his  work  as  well.     This  is,  ot  course,  un-  Train  what  you 

reasonable,  but  should   be  considered.     Several  instances  are  known  homeVan'd^orget 

to  the  writer  of  successful  optometrists   who  have  lost,   the  sight  oftnerest- 

one  eye  through  cataract  or  other  cause. 

A  Colorado  woman  who  has  been  practicing  optometry  for  a  number 
of  years  sums  up  some  of  the  advantages  of  this  profession  in  the  fol- 
lowing words: 

';  There  are  fewer  objectionable  features,  and  more  to  commend  the 
practice  of  optometry  than  in  any  other  profession  or  scmiprofession. 
No  midnight  calls,  as  in  the  case  of  the  physician;  no  direct  contact, 
as  in  osteopathy,  or  chiropractic;  no  proximity  to  offensive  breath,  as 
in  dentistry.  Variety  and  fascination  attach  to  the  work,  besides  the 
joy  that  comes  with  doing  something  that  relieves  suffering  and  is 
beneficial  to,  humanity.  The  time  required  for  preparation  and 
getting  established  | is  somewhat  less  than  for  other  professions;  the 
expense  incurred  more  moderate." 

The  Demand  for  Optometrists. 

No  man  taking  up  the  study  of  optometry  need  fear  a  lack  of  oppor- 
tunity when  his  course  is  completed.  There  is  a  scarcity  of  optome- 
trists all  over  this  broad  land,  and  in  thousands  of  optometrists' 
offices  to-day  opportunities  are  open  for  assistants.  As  such,  an  op- 
tometrist can  develop  a  following,  and  eventually  start  for  himself. 
Moreover,  the  call  of  young  men  to  the  defence  of  their  country  cut 
down  the  number  of  students  in  this,  as  in  all  other  vocations; 
hence  the  number  of, graduates  from  the  optometric  schools  and  col- 
leges is  insufficient  to  meet  the  demand. 

Another  advantage  in  following  this  vocation  is  the  fact  that  the 
profession  is  still  in  the  formative  stage.  For  this  reason  there  are 
unusual  opportunities  for  progressive,  studious,  conscientious  men  of 
the  professional  type. 

The  hours  of  work,  which  are  regular,  are  of  course  determined  by 
the  individual  practitioner;  the  man  who  has  established  his  own 
office  can  make  his  hours  to  suit  his  own  convenience.  If  he  is  em- 
ployed by  another  optometrist,  he  will  find  the  hours  are  not  as  long 
as  in  many  other  callings. 


Scope  of  a  Coarse  in  Optometry.  Examples  to 

The  curriculum  of  the  course  in  applied  optics  in  one  of  our  leading 
universities  will  give  a  comprehensive  survey  of  the  branches  of  ter  whcse  left  leg 
scientific  knowledge  forming  the  science  of  optometry.  The  follow-  ^vetheknccon 
ing  subjects  are  included  in  this  course:  Chemistry,  anatomy,  physics,  aoco^ue^oflI^^|te 
physiology,  algebra,  geometry,  trigonometry,  bacteriology,  optics,  psy-  studied  machine 
chology,  drawing,  pathology,  and  English  composition.  Under  n^^rnprfoyed  by 
theoretical  and  applied  optics  are  of  course  grouped  the  chief  subjects  a  railway, 
bearing  upon  the  science  and  practice  of  optometry.  The  mathemati-  Another  soldier 
cal  studies  are  necessary  as  a  foundation  for  an  understanding  of  the  chronf/bronchitis 

optical  science.  f°&  asthma   and 

.  .         .  .     .  .  found  it  in3dvis- 

While  the  university  course,  in  its  cultural  as  well  as  technical  de-  able  to  return  to 

velopment,  is  desirable,  still,  as  in  other  professions  and  callings,  sue-  ti' sD™esr a  bar- 
cess  and  service  are  not  dependent  upon  the  completion  of  such  aj611^61;    ^J*  waf 
...  ,    r  ,.        ,        ,         ,  teamed  as  a  motor 

course.     But  general  education,  culture  and  personality  developed  mechanic  and  se- 

therefrom  are  all  potent  factors  in  success  in  any  profession,  and  should  p^itiorfas^hauf- 

be  acquired  from  one  source  or  another  before  or  during  technical  »"*• 

training.  A  former  laborer 

was  weakened  by 

Possible  Income.  ?  g!msh£t  2*53 

m  the  back  ana 
As  in  other  professions,  it  usually  requires  a  few  years  to  build  up  a^omenco!u.®  wfn 
a  practice,  but  few  men  who  have  started  under  proper  conditions  mechanical  draw- 
and  with  fair  qualifications  have  failed  to  achieve  success.  An  in-e^pioyed  in  a 
come  of  $1,500  or  $2,000  yearly  is  common,  and  many  optometrists  drafUn8  room- 
earn  incomes  of  from  $5,000  to  $10,000.    As  an  employee  of  another  A  soldiersuffering 

optometrist,  a  practitioner  can  earn  from  $30  to  $50  a  week,  and  even  phritis,  formerly 

more  a  farmer,  studied 

.  ,.....,  machine-shop 

Optometry  is  not  a  means  of  earning  a  living  with  ease  nor  a  haven  practice   and   fs 

for  the  indolent,  but  it  does  offer  a  reasonable  competency  without ?nTtoo?r»omof a 
unusual  sacrifice  or  hardship.  motor  company. 

I        A  machinist's 

,  helper    lost    the 

power  to  use  his 

left    hand,     was 

'  retrained     in     a 

course  for  steam 
engineering,  and 
Is  now  employed 
as  a  stationary 
engineer  in  a 
roundhouse. 


SOUTHERN  REGIONAL  LIBRARY  ™CJLI{Y 


A  A      000  068  255    9 

FEDERAL  BOARD  FOR  VOCATIONAL  EDUCATION. 


MEMBERS. 


Davio  F.  HorsTox.  Chairman,  James  P.  Munroe,  Vice  Chairman, 

Secretary  of  Agriculture.  Manufacture  awl  Commerce. 

William  C.  Redfikld,  Calvin  F.  McIntosh. 

Secretary  of  Commerce.  Agriculture. 

William  B.  Wilson,  Arthur  E.  Holder, 

Secretary  of  Labor.  Labor. 

P.  P.  Claxton, 

Commissioner  of  Education. 


EXECUTIVE  STAFF. 

C.   A.  Prosskr,  Director. 
Lvytox  S.  Hawkins,  Chief  Vocational  Education  Division. 
Charles  II.  Winslow,  Chief  Research  Division. 
H.  L.  Smith,  Chief  Rehabilitation  Division. 

DISTRICT    VOCATIONAL    OFFICES    OF    THE    FEDERAL    BOARD    FOR 
VOCATIONAL   EDUCATION. 

All  disabled  soldiers,  sailors,  and  marines,  whether  in  or  out  of  the  hospital,  should  address  their 
communications  either  to  the  Federal  Board  for  Vocational  Education,  Washington,  D.  C,  or 
to  the  district  office  of  the  Federal  Board  of  the  district  in  which  he  is  located.  The  district  offices 
of  the  Board  are  located  at  the  following  points: 

District  No.  1.— Maine,  New  Hampshire,  Vermont.  Massachusetts,  and  Rhode  Island.  Office: 
Room  1201  Little  Building,  80  Boylston  Street,  Boston.  Mass.  Branch  office:  324-326  Masonic 
Building,  Portland,  Me. 

District  No.  2.— Connecticut,  New  York,  and  New  Jersey.  Office:  469  Fifth  Avenue,  New 
York,  N.  Y. 

District  No.  3.— Pennsylvania  and  Delaware.  Office:  1211  Chestnut  Street,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Branch  office :  491  Union  Arcade  Building,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 

District  No.  4.— District  of  Columbia,  Maryland,  Virginia,  and  West  Virginia.  Office:  606  F 
Street  NW.,  Washington,  D.  C.  Branch  offices:  400  Flat  Iron  Building,  Norfolk.  Va.;  411  Park 
Bank  Building,  104  West  Lexington  Street,  Baltimore,  Md. 

District  No.  5. — North  Carolina,  South  Carolina,  Georgia,  Florida,  and  Tennessee.  Office:  825 
Forsyth  Building,  Atlanta,  Ga. 

District  No.  6.— Alabama,  Mississippi,  and  Louisiana.  Office:  412-432  Maison  Blanche  Annex, 
New  Orleans,  La. 

District  No.  7.— Ohio,  Indiana,  and  Kentucky.  Office:  1212-1214  Mercantile  Library  Building, 
Cincinnati,  Ohio.  Branch  office:  Home  Service  Section,  American  Red  Cross,  Park  Building, 
Cleveland,  Ohio. 

District  No.  8.— Michigan,  Illinois,  and  Wisconsin.  Office:  1600  The  Westminster,  110  South 
Dearborn  Street,  Chicago,  111.    Branch  office:  807  Owen  Building,  D^roit,  Mich. 

District  No.  9.— Iowa,  Nebraska,  Kansas,  and  Missouri.  Office:  815-824  Chemical  Building,  St. 
Louis,  Mo.    Branch  office:  413  Massachusetts  Building,  Kansas  City,  Mo. 

District  No.  10.— Minnesota,  North  Dakota,  and  South  Dakota.  Office:  Room  742  Metropolitan 
Bank  Building,  Minneapolis,  Minn. 

District  No.  11.— Wyoming,  Colorado,  New  Mexico,  and  Utah.  Office:  909  Seventeenth  Street, 
Denver,  Colo. 

District  No.  12.— California,  Nevada,  and  Arizona.  Office:  Room  997  Monadnock  Building, 
San  Francisco,  Calif. 

District  No.  13.— Montana,  Idaho,  Oregon,  and  Washington.  Office:  Room  539  Central  Building, 
Seattle,  Wash. 

District  No.  14.— Arkansas,  Oklahoma,  and  Texas.  Office:  810  Western  Indemnity  Building,  1000 
Main  Street,  Dallas,  Tex. 

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